Analytics

Analytics on Central Asia are relevant for a young region that is still experiencing a period of its development. The section is a source of information for a wide range of readers interested in socio-political processes, issues of regional security and economic development, as well as foreign policy in the countries of Central Asia.

IWPR Central Asia and CABAR.asia present a policy brief themed “From Resource Extraction to Local Dissent: Understanding Environmental Protests in the Gold Mining Sector of Kyrgyzstan”. The brief was developed by Abdyrakhman Sulaimanov for the IWPR Representative Office in Central Asia and the regional analytical platform CABAR.asia.


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In December, foreign analytical articles highlighted several trends and events in the region including the development of wind power projects in Kazakhstan, the precedent-setting border agreement between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, as well as the experiences of individuals who were subjected to forced labor in Uzbekistan’s cotton fields and the ways Central Asia can promote collective regional identity. (more…)

26.12.23
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In this review, we reflect on the tumultuous yet diplomatically active year of 2023, a period marked by heightened global interest and a flurry of significant agreements and initiatives in Central Asia. As we pivot to 2024, a year potentially less auspicious on the global stage, we anticipate a shift in focus towards the domestic policy priorities of world powers. This recalibration, however, comes with its own set of challenges, given the longstanding unresolved issues in Central Asia. While a temporary lull in international conflicts might offer a reprieve, nations in the region must remain alert and strategically prepare for emerging hurdles. The effective management of internal affairs will be pivotal in ensuring continued peace and stability across the region.
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In a strategic move set to redefine the Eurasian logistics landscape, two major international transport corridors are emerging as key conduits between the European Union and China. The Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), also known as the Middle Corridor, traverses Kazakhstan, while the Southern Corridor cuts through Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Each route boasts distinct technical and investment profiles, with varying potentials for growth and development. Traditionally seen as rivals in the competitive sphere of international trade, these corridors are now the focus of a comprehensive analysis. This paper delves into the dynamics of corridor management, examining factors such as public-institutional support, the maturity of development programmes, and the legal frameworks governing these routes. The aim is to ascertain the true extent of competition and potential synergy between these critical Eurasian trade arteries.

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In November, foreign analytical articles underscored several noteworthy developments in the region. These encompassed a rise in international engagement of the region’s countries, human rights violations, migrants’ problems, and several top-level meetings that were held in the region last month. (more…)

01.12.23
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The transport and infrastructure initiatives of China and the European Union show signs of unfolding strategic competition in the Eurasian region. With Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Europe and China have lost their shortest land trade route, while the importance of the Middle Corridor has increased. Currently, the parties are interested in establishing sustainable trade routes through Central Asia and the South Caucasus, but the tone of recent statements points to the need for constructive dialogue.
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On 30 November 2023, the annual Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention (UNFCCC) on Climate Change begins in the United Arab Emirates. Central Asia, as a region vulnerable to the effects of climate change, should actively participate in these global climate policy negotiations. The main focus of the region should be to jointly promote commitments to reduce emissions, achieve carbon neutrality, and the region’s access to climate finance. However, countries need to build capacity to realise climate pledges and restructure institutional arrangements for the transition to a green economy. (more…)

The “Russia-Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan Gas Union” stands at a pivotal crossroads, symbolizing a significant shift in Central Asian energy dynamics. Initiated by Russian President Vladimir Putin, this trilateral alliance aims to transport Russian gas to Uzbekistan via Kazakhstan, marking a historical moment as it is the first time Russian gas is pumped toward Central Asia. However, the union faces scrutiny and cautious participation from Uzbekistan, reflecting the complex geopolitical and economic implications of this energy project. This development, arising amidst acute energy challenges in the region, seeks to address immediate needs but also poses long-term geopolitical and economic questions for the involved nations. (more…)

Following the leadership transition in 2016, Uzbekistan’s foreign policy has undergone a significant shift towards increased regionalism, with a strong focus on enhancing economic cooperation with Central Asian countries. The new leadership has mended strained bilateral relations through a two-step process: firstly, by addressing sensitive issues such as water resource management and border delimitation and demarcation, which had previously strained relations, and secondly, by emphasising the deepening of economic cooperation in the spheres such as mutual trade, investment, tourism both regionally and bilaterally. This paper discusses Uzbekistan’s regional economic activity with Central Asian countries after the leadership transition.

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The October analytical pieces in foreign press focused on the devastating accident at an ArcelorMittal mine in Kazakhstan, another controversial law in Kyrgyzstan, repressive tactics in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, power struggles in Turkmenistan, and Russia’s gas shipments in Uzbekistan. (more…)

Eldos Abakhanov
Deputy Chairperson of the "Kazakhstan Association of Environmental Organizations"
Kanatbek Abdiev
Independent Researcher, Master in Conflict, Security and Development at King’s College of London
Marufjon Abdujaborov
Chief Specialist at the Strategic Research Center Under the President of Tajikistan. Participant of CABAR.asia School of Analytics (Dushanbe)
Madina Abdullaeva
Lecturer at the Department of Political Science at the University of World Economy and Diplomacy. Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Rashid Ghani Abdullo
Independent expert
Jyldyz Abdyldaeva
Participant of CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Anisa Abibulloeva
eco-activist, participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Independent researcher, participant of the School of Analysts CABAR.asia
Akrom Avezov
Participant of School of Analysts CABAR.asia 2022
Galym Ageleuov
head of Liberty public fund (Kazakhstan)
Kunduz Adylbekova
CABAR.asia School of Analytics alumna
Rustam Azizi
Deputy Director of the Center for Islamic Studies under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan
Ainura Akmatalieva
Founder of the Institute for Perspective Policy, PhD in Political Sciences, Associate Professor at the KRSU (Bishkek)
Iskander Akylbayaev
Researcher of KazISS, the Department of Foreign Policy and International Security
Guldastasho Alibakhshev
Researcher at the Center of Sociological Research "Zerkalo", CABAR.asia School of Analytics participant (Dushanbe)
Bakhtiyor Alimdjanov
Independent researcher, Ph.D in History (Tashkent)
Dimash Alzhanov
Political scientist, founder of the "Erkin, Qazaqstan" project (Almaty)
Nailya Almukhamedova
Director General of the Parasat System Research Institute; participant of the School of Analytics cabar.asia (Astana)
Anna Alshanskaya
Researcher, participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics (Nur-Sultan)
Mukhtar Amanbaiuly
Political Scientist
Farkhod Aminjonov
Ph.D., senior researcher at the Eurasian Research Institute
Aydar Amrebayev
Head of the Center for Political Science and International Studies
Mahram Anvarzod
Islamic scholar
Hamidjon Arifov
PhD. in geological-mineralogical sciences, Tajik Committee of the International Commission on Large Dams, Lead Researcher at the Tajik Institute of Water Issues, Hydropower and Ecology
Eldar Asanov
Junior Researcher of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics (Tashkent)
Zarema Askarova
Independent expert
Indira Aslanova
Expert on religious studies
Shirin Atlasova
participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Asomiddin Atoev
regional expert in information technology and cybersecurity
Slyamzhar Akhmedzharov
Researcher at the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, participant of CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Anvar Babayev
PhD in Economics, Head Analyst and Director of the Population Migration Section of the Tajik Academy of Science’s Institute of Economics and Demographics
Erzhan Bagdatov
Executive Director of the Center of Media Technologies
Erkin Baydarov
Leading researcher of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan
Sheradil Baktygulov
Independent expert
Serik Beysembayev
Sociologist
Nazik Beishenaly
President, Union of Cooperatives of Kyrgyzstan
Nurbek Bekmurzaev
Independent researcher, participant of cabar.asia School of Analytics (Bishkek)
Danil Bekturganov
President of the Public Foundation "Civil Expertise"
Denis Berdakov
Political scientist
Gulmira Birzhanova
Lawyer, expert in the field of national and international media law, Kazakhstan
Abbos Bobkhonov
Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced International Studies, PhD student at the University of World Economy and Diplomacy (Tashkent)
Valentin Bogatyrev
Head of the analytical consortium "Perspective"
Konstantin Bondarenko
Economist
Farzad Ramezani Bonesh
Journalist and expert in international relations
Anton Bugaenko
Sinologist, chief expert of the Chinese and Asian studies program at the Institute of World Economics and Politics (Kazakhstan)
Yuriy Buluktayev
Political scientist, Сhief researcher at the Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty)
Dana Buralkieva
Independent researcher and expert in the field of digital human rights and freedoms, member of the analytics school CABAR.asia
Muslimbek Buriev
Political scientist, participant of cabar.asia School of Analytics (Dushanbe)
Rustam Burnashev
Political scientist, professor of Kazakh-German University
Muazama Burkhanova
Head of the environmental organization Dastgiri Center, Tajikistan; Independent Environmental Impact Assessment Specialist
Mereke Gabdualiev
Сonstitutional lawyer, director of the public foundation “Institute for the Development of Constitutionalism and Democracy”
Musliddin Gaipnazarov
economist
Alexander Galiyev
Editor of Computerworld.kz
Alisher Gardonshoev
participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Makhmud Giyosov
Political scientist (Dushanbe)
Daniela Grosheva
Specialist in transport logistics and digital business
Olga Gulina
Director and Founder of RUSMPI UG - Institute for Migration Policy (Germany)
Rustam Gulov
Expert on new media
Gulyaev Sergey
General Director of PF "Decenta"
Anna Gusarova
Director of the Central Asian Institute for Strategic Studies (Almaty)
Eldaniz Gusseinov
specialist in European and International Studies at the Heartland Expert Analytical Center
Zoir Davlatov
Independent expert
Nurali Davlatov
Journalist-Analyst
Nazima Davletova
Adjunct Professor, Webster University (Tashkent)
Zarina Dadabayeva
Doctor of Political Science, Professor at Russian State Humanitarian University, Leading scientific worker at the Post-Soviet Studies Research Center, Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences
Ildar Daminov
Independent researcher and a graduate of the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna
Emil Djuraev
Political scientist, Associate Professor of the OSCE Academy (Bishkek)
Salamat Dzhybykeev
International Relations Specialist (Bishkek)
Svetlana Dzardanova
Expert of the Central Asian Institute for Strategic Studies (CAISS)
Zhannur Dildabayeva
Sociologist, Nazarbayev University (Kazakhstan)
Sergey Domnin
Chief editor of “Expert Kazakhstan” magazine
Asel Doolotkeldieva
Ph.D., political scientist
Roza Duisheeva
Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations and Social Sciences of the International Kuwait University; participant of the cabar.asia School of Analytics (Bishkek)
Berikbol Dukeyev
Political scientist, PhD researcher at the Australian National University.
Bakhtier Ergashev
Director of the Center for Political Initiatives "Māno"
Aigerim Erken
Project Manager at the Eurasian Center for People Management
Sarvar Jalolov
International Relations Specialist (Tashkent)
Alimana Zhanmukanova
Political scientist and independent researcher (Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan)
Aygerim Zholdas
CABAR.asia Intern (Nur-Sultan)
Zamira Zholdaskyzy
Analyst at the Center for the Development of Labor Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, participant of CABAR.asia School of Analytics (Nur-Sultan)
Zhibek Zhorokulova
Researcher, Master's student at the OSCE Academy (Bishkek)
Zaynab Dost
Independent expert
Galiya Ibragimova
Independent expert
Tamerlan Ibraimov
Director of the Center for Political and Legal Studies
Maya Ivanova
Research analyst specialized in security, geopolitical risk assessment and gender (Bulgaria)
Timur Idrisov
Independent Expert (Tajikistan)
Ruslan Izimov
Sinologist, head of the "Eurasian Studies Program" of the Institute for World Economics and Politics under the Foundation of First President of the Kazakhstan, director of the Center for China Studies in Central Asia "Synopsys"
Elena Izteleuova
Independent analyst, participant of the School of Analysts CABAR.asia 2021
Alisher Ilkhamov
Independent Researcher (London)
Muratbek Imanaliev
Sinologist, ex-Minister of Foreign Affairs and ex-secretary of the SCO (Kyrgyzstan)
Nazik Imanbekova
Economist, participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics (Bishkek)
Fabio Indeo
Specialist in geopolitics in Central Asia
Zamira Isakova
Master in Politics and Security at the OSCE Academy, Regional Coordinator of Saferworld Programs in Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan)
Kosimsho Iskandarov
Head of Conflict Resolution and Regional Research Center in association with the Academy of Sciences
Chyngyz Israyilov
Lecturer of the Department of International Relations, Osh State University
Aizhan Kakenova
Researcher in the field of gender inequality and minority rights, Master of Arts, School of Humanities and Social Sciences Nazarbayev University (Nur-Sultan)
Amina Kalmamatova
cabar.asia intern
Muhaiyo Kamolova
participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Asylgul Kanatbekova
Analyst, participant of the CABAR.asia's School of analytics, junior researcher at the OSCE Academy in Bishkek
Samar Kanatov
IWPR intern, Youth Empowerment and Water & Climate Education Expert
Nargiz Kapasheva
participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics, researcher and expert analyst
Lesya Karataeva
Ph.D. is Chief Researcher at the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Navruz Karimov
Analyst, media specialist, graduate of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics (Tajikistan)
Nuriddin Karshiboyev
Chairman of the National Association of Independent Media of Tajikistan
Yerlan Kassym
Specialist in energy policy, green economy and alternative energy. Government and Public Relations adviser at Royal Dutch Shell in Kazakhstan (Nur-Sultan)
Ekaterina Kasymova
Independent expert
Adil Kaukenov
Sinologist, political scientist
Gaukhar Kiikova
Independent expert on early childhood development, Chairman of the NGO "OYNA Institute of Childhood"
Firdavs Kobilov
PhD Candidate at the School of Social and Political Science, CEES, the University of Glasgow, UK
Kamila Kovyazina
Sociologist, researcher in public policy (Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan)
Anvar Kodirov
Independent Researcher
Turonbek Kozokov
cabar.asia intern
Galina Kolodzinskaia
Expert on Religion, Politics, and Security in Central Asia (Bishkek)
Iskandar Qonunov
Political scientist
Gulaikhan Kubayeva
PhD student in public economics at the University of Salerno, Italy (Kazakhstan)
Alla Kuvatova
Sociologist, PhD
Kodir Kuliev
Anti-Corruption and Governance Expert (Tashkent)
Khurshed Kurbonshoev
Human rights lawyer, specialist in digital law
Adinai Kurmanbekova
International relations specialist, participant of the CABAR.asia school of analytics
Zaynidin Kurmanov
Professor of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University
Aidarkhan Kusainov
Financial analyst and general director of the Almagest Management and Strategy Consulting Company
Ikrom Kuchkorov
independent expert, participant of CABAR.asia School of analytics
Konstantin Larionov
Researcher, analyst (Bishkek)
Nigel Li
International Relations Specialist (Singapore)
Vlad Lim
Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science and International Relations, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University (Nur-Sultan)
Oleg Limanov
Expert (Uzbekistan)
Manuchehra Madjonova
Senior Economic Consultant of Secretariat of the Consultative Council on Improvement of Investment Climate under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan
Nazik Mamedova
Independent researcher, participant of CABAR.asia School of analytics (Bishkek)
Talgat Mamyrayimov
Independent expert
Marinin Sergey
Independent Analyst (Kazakhstan)
Tansuluu Matieva
Independent researcher, participant of the School of Analysts CABAR.asia
Dilmira Matyakubova
Independent researcher (Tashkent)
Askar Mashayev
Political commentator (Almaty)
Aruzhan Meirkhanova
Political Scientist, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University
Takhir Mirdzhaparov
Chairman of the Republican Association of Foster Families of the Chuvash Republic, Director of the Nadezhda Charitable Fund for the Support of Orphans
Michael Petrushkov
Chairman of the Business Development Center of the Republic of Tajikistan
Kairat Moldashev
Independent Researcher (Kazakhstan)
Atay Moldobaev
Head of “Prudent Solutions” Analytical Department
Anton Morozov
Ph.D., political scientist
Alibek Mukambaev
President of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives "Eurasia", political scientist (Kyrgyzstan)
Parviz Mullodjanov
Ph.D. political scientist, политолог, orientalist and independent researcher from Tajikistan
Nargiza Muratalieva
Political Scientist (Kyrgyzstan)
Anar Musabaeva
Independent political analyst (Bishkek)
Aigerim Mussabalinova
Ph.D, independent researcher and consultant on children’s rights, Kazakhstan
Marat Musuraliev
Economist, Deputy Director of Smart Business Solutions Central Asia
Nodira Mukhammadkulova
Head of the Center for Energy Geopolitics, Institute for Advanced International Studies at the University of World Economy and Diplomacy
Independent Researcher (Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan)
Kanat Nogoybayev
Analyst (Kyrgyzstan), member of the School of analytics of CABAR.asia mentorship program
Elmira Nogoibayeva
Head of the Analytical Center "Policy Asia"
Zhaslan Nurbaev
Associate Professor at Gumilyov Eurasian National University, participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics (Nur-Sultan)
Aslan Nurzhanov
Project Manager at Eurasian center for people management, participant of CABAR.asia School of Analytics (Nur-Sultan)
Umarbek Nuriddinov
4th year student of the Faculty of International Relations of the University of World Economy and Diplomacy (Tashkent), participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Dinara Nurusheva
Researcher
Diana Okremova
Director of the “Legal Media Centre” Public Foundation
Edil Osmonbetov
Political scientist
Tinatin Osmonova
Independent Researcher
Dinara Oshurahunova
Human rights activist, member of the international parliamentary monitoring network (Bishkek)
Lidiya Parkhomchik
Senior Researcher, Eurasian Research Institute
Bakhrom Radjabov
Political economist, PhD (Tashkent)
Shakhrizoda Rakhimova
Intern, Research Assistant, Center for Energy Geopolitics, Institute for Advanced International Studies at the University of World Economy and Diplomacy
Anastasiya Reshetnyak
Senior Researcher of the Kazakhstan Institute of Strategic Studies
Sherali Rizoyon
Political Scientist (Dushanbe)
Gulzada Rysbekova
Independent Researcher in International Relations (Bishkek)
Jaksylyk Sabitov
PhD, Eurasian National University
Maral Sagynalieva
Independent researcher, participant of CABAR.asia School of analytics (Bishkek)
Sanjar Saidov
Political scientist, PhD (Tashkent)
Dana Sailaukhanova
Economist, Research Fellow at Gender Economics Research Center
Rauf Salahodjaev
Economist, Senior Researcher at International Westminster University (Tashkent)
Sardor Salim
Political Scientist (Tashkent)
Farrukh Salimov
PhD in History, Head of Diplomacy and Foreign Policy Department of Tajik National University
Charles Sullivan
Assistant Professor of Political Science & International Relations in the School of Sciences and Humanities at Nazarbayev University
Yuriy Sarukhanyan
International Relations Specialist. Participant of the cabar.asia School of Analysts (Tashkent).
Rafael Sattarov
Political scientist
Aiym Saurambayeva
Lawyer in International Law, Master of Human Rights and Democratization (Almaty, Kazakhstan)
Steve Swerdlow
Human rights lawyer and professor of human rights in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at the University of Southern California.
Petr Svoik
Political scientist
Inga Sikorskaia
Program director of the School of peacemaking and media technology in Central Asia
Olga Simakova
Public Fund "Center for Social and Political Studies ‘Strategy’"
Dimitris Symeonidis
Independent energy policy and geopolitical risk analyst (The Hague, Netherlands)
Kamila Smagulova
Political Scientist, participant of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics 2021
Doriyush Soliev
Independent Analyst (Dushanbe)
Klara Soronkulova
Lawyer, former judge of the Constitutional Chamber of KR Supreme Court
Abdyrakhman Sulaimanov
Associate Researcher at the Pulte Institute for Global Development
Abakhon Sultonnazarov
IWPR Central Asia Regional Director
Rustami Sukhrob
International Relations Specialist (Tajikistan): Phd candidate, Ural Federal University, Department of Theory and History of International Relations, participant of CABAR.asia School of analytics 2021
Samar Syrgabaev
Sociologist, PhD in Sociological sciences
Konstantin Syroejkin
PhD., leading Kazakhstani Sinologist
Dias Takenov
Participant of CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Alisher Taksanov
Independent expert
Azamat Temirkulov
Associate Professor, Doctor of Political Sciences (Bishkek)
Anuar Temirov
Analyst, participant of the CABAR.asia's school of analysts (Nur-Sultan)
Aliya Tlegenova
Political Scientist, Nazarbaev University (Kazakhstan)
Nurlan Tokobaev
Analyst, member of the CABAR.asia's School of analytics (Bishkek)
Saniya Toktogazieva
Lawyer, expert on constitutional law (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan)
Baurzhan Tolegenov
Political commentator (Nur-Sultan)
Medet Tyulegenov
Head of the Department of “International and Comparative Politics”, AUCA
Akram Umarov
Independent expert (Uzbekistan)
Khojimuhammad Umarov
doctor of Economic Sciences, (Tajikistan)
Umedjon Ibrohimzoda
Independent political scientist, member of the CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Niginakhon Uralova
Adjunct assistant professor at Webster University in Tashkent
Arsen Usenov
Political scientist (Bishkek)
Esen Usubaliev
Head of the analytical center "Prudent Solutions", specialist in international relations
Farkhod Tolipov
Political scientist, the director of the non-governmental scientific and educational institution "Bilim Carvoni" (Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
Zhania Khaibullina
PhD doctoral student of the Department of Political Science and Political Technologies of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,, participant of CABAR.asia School of analytics
Umed Khakimov
independent expert, participant of CABAR.asia School of analytics
Farrukh Hakimov
Head of Department of Development Strategy Center (Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
Komron Khidoyatzoda
Editor of diplomatic messenger "MISSION"
Yevgeniy Khon
Economist
Khursand Khurramov
Political scientist
Andrey Chebotaryov
Director оf Centre for Contemporary Research «Alternativa» (Kazakhstan)
Ajar Chekirova
PhD candidate at the Department of Political Science at the University of Illinois in Chicago
Larisa Chen
journalist, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
Irina Chernykh
Chief Researcher at the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of History, Professor
Sherzod Shamiev
Graduate of the OSCE Academy, researcher at the Z-Analytics (Tajikistan)
Bahrom Sharipov
PhD in Economics
Iskender Sharsheev
head of the Secretariat of the National Alliance of Business Associations (Bishkek)
Aijan Sharshenova
PhD, the OSCE Academy
Shohsanam Shodieva
Independent Analyst (Tajikistan)
Eratov Iskender
Independent expert
Chinara Esengul
Senior Advisor for the conflicts prevention, UNDP
Guly Yuldasheva
Dilmurad Yusupov
PhD student at the Institute of Development Studies of the University of Sussex, participant of CABAR.asia School of Analytics (Tashkent)
Yuliy Yusupov
Economist, director of Center for Economic Development (Tashkent)
Binazir Yusupova
Participant of CABAR.asia School of Analytics
Ildar Yakubov
Candidate of Political Sciences (Tashkent)